South Korea’s government unveiled plans on Monday aimed at curbing the country’s burgeoning spending on private education, which has been blamed for being a major factor behind the country’s declining fertility rate.

President Criticizes College Entrance Tests

The move comes as President Yoon Suk Yeol this month criticized college entrance tests that incorporate questions not in the curriculum at public schools, including some that have been dubbed “killer questions” because of their complexity.

Cracking Down on Private Education “Cartels”

“We will cut the vicious cycle of killer questions in exams, which leads to excessive competition among students and parents in private education,” Education Minister Lee Ju-ho told a briefing.

The ministry also vowed to crack down on private education “cartels” by ramping up efforts to monitor what it termed false and exaggerated advertising by private schools targeting exam preparations.

South Korea’s Reliance on Private Education

Local media have reported on alleged connections between the private education industry and government education officials in drawing up college entrance exams that require private tutoring to master.

South Koreans spent a record 26 trillion won ($19.97 billion) on private education last year, despite a declining student population, a joint report by the education ministry and the government statistics bureau showed.

Nearly eight in 10 students use in private education products such as cram schools, known as “hagwons”, according to the report.

This heavy reliance on private education has helped result in South Korea’s having the world’s highest cost of raising a child, according to a report last year, and the world’s lowest birth rate.

Killer Questions and Fairness

Killer questions are typically drawn from material not covered in public school curriculum, opening the door for “hagwons” to promote their ability to teach students how to solve them.

Proponents of such questions say they help colleges select candidates in a competitive environment, but Yoon cited the issue of fairness, noting not every family could afford to pay for extracurricular classes.

Shin So-young, an activist at civic group The World Without Worry About Private Education, said the planned changes may not be enough to contain the competition.

Education-Linked Companies’ Shares Drop

Last year, nearly 450,000 high school seniors across the country and graduates taking the test again sat for the exam in November. The all-day event suspends airline flights during the listening comprehension portion of the English test.

Shares of education-linked companies in South Korea fell on concerns over changes in policies. Woongjin Thinkbig closed down 1.44% for Monday while MegaStudyEdu was down 2.11%.